Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer

Despite legislative gridlock, international investors should be wary of legal precedents set by recent court rulings, which could substantially alter the Spanish tax environment

Luxembourg’s reform agenda continues at pace in 2025, with targeted measures for start-ups and alternative investment funds

With a new government in place, the evolving tax landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for taxpayers

New French legislation should create a more consistent legal environment for taxing gains from management packages, say Bruno Knadjian and Sylvain Piémont of Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer