Switzerland: What does ‘arm’s-length’ mean?

International Tax Review is part of Legal Benchmarking Limited, 1-2 Paris Garden, London, SE1 8ND

Copyright © Legal Benchmarking Limited and its affiliated companies 2025

Accessibility | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Modern Slavery Statement

Switzerland: What does ‘arm’s-length’ mean?

rudolf.jpg

hurdowar.jpg

Hans Rudolf Habermacher


Yan Hurdowar

Swiss companies engaged in cost sharing agreements with the US should take note of the US Tax Court ruling in the Altera case. In its recent decision in Altera Corporation vs the Commissioner of Internal Revenue the US Tax Court has reaffirmed its previous decision in Xilinx (2010) that cost sharing agreements (CSA) need not share stock-based compensation. In the specific case Altera US (located in the US and responsible for the markets in North America) and Altera International (located in the Cayman Islands and responsible for all other markets) jointly own and develop programming tools under a R&D cost sharing agreement.

As part of its decision process the court upheld that the arm's-length standard as defined in the US Model Tax Convention would prevail over the US tax code for international transactions and that the arm's-length standard would be met if the transaction reflects what independent third parties would agree with each other. Already in the Xilinx case it had been demonstrated that third parties would indeed not include share-based compensation as part of the cost base of a CSA.

On this basis the US Tax Court concluded that stock-based compensation may not have to be shared between different parties to a CSA, reaffirming its decision in Xilinx.

A joint R&D development structure for intellectual property under a CSA arrangement, as illustrated in the Altera case, may exist between many US-based MNCs and their Swiss operations which act either as regional headquarter for the EMEA region or for the whole world, except North America.

Particularly in innovative industries, such as the software and biotech industry, stock-based compensation often represents a large part of the compensation packages for R&D management. On the grounds that such compensation is often considered excessive and due to the fact that it is not a cash-out expense for the entity in the US, many foreign tax administrations have challenged the full deductibility of cost share attributions in the past.

Whilst the Swiss tax administration mostly accepted the contributions by the Swiss parties to a CSA in the past, we recommend that companies concerned review the situation with their US counterparties and make the appropriate changes in due course.

Hans Rudolf Habermacher (hhabermacher@deloitte.ch) and Yan Hurdowar (yhurdowar@deloitte.ch)

Deloitte

Tel: +41 58 279 6327 and +41 58 279 8152

Website: www.deloitte.ch

more across site & shared bottom lb ros

More from across our site

Identifying who will bear the costs and concerns around confidentiality are issues yet to be resolved, advisers say
As multinationals embed tax technology into their TP functions, a new breed of systems – built on multi-model databases – is quietly transforming intercompany pricing logic
The president described it as ‘one of the most important cases in the history of our country’; in other news, Portugal established a VAT group regime
Clients are facing increased TP audit scrutiny in Hungary. DLA Piper Hungary is therefore using AI and advanced analytics to augment its advice, the firm’s head of TP says
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett and MinterEllisonRuddWatts were among the firms that advised on the deal
AI will mean fewer entry-level roles in tax but also the emergence of new jobs, according to tax expert Isabella Barreto
As World Tax unveils its much-anticipated rankings for 2026, we focus on standout performances by PwC, KPMG and Deloitte across the Asia-Pacific region
The partnership model was looking antiquated even before the UK chancellor’s expected tax raid on LLPs was revealed. An additional tax burden may finally kill it off
The US’s GILTI regime will not be forced upon American multinationals in foreign jurisdictions, Bloomberg has reported; in other news, Ropes & Gray hired two tax partners from Linklaters
APAs should provide a pragmatic means to agree to an arm's-length outcome for an Australian entity and for the ATO, the tax authority said
Gift this article