Switzerland: What does ‘arm’s-length’ mean?

International Tax Review is part of Legal Benchmarking Limited, 1-2 Paris Garden, London, SE1 8ND

Copyright © Legal Benchmarking Limited and its affiliated companies 2026

Accessibility | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Modern Slavery Statement

Switzerland: What does ‘arm’s-length’ mean?

rudolf.jpg

hurdowar.jpg

Hans Rudolf Habermacher


Yan Hurdowar

Swiss companies engaged in cost sharing agreements with the US should take note of the US Tax Court ruling in the Altera case. In its recent decision in Altera Corporation vs the Commissioner of Internal Revenue the US Tax Court has reaffirmed its previous decision in Xilinx (2010) that cost sharing agreements (CSA) need not share stock-based compensation. In the specific case Altera US (located in the US and responsible for the markets in North America) and Altera International (located in the Cayman Islands and responsible for all other markets) jointly own and develop programming tools under a R&D cost sharing agreement.

As part of its decision process the court upheld that the arm's-length standard as defined in the US Model Tax Convention would prevail over the US tax code for international transactions and that the arm's-length standard would be met if the transaction reflects what independent third parties would agree with each other. Already in the Xilinx case it had been demonstrated that third parties would indeed not include share-based compensation as part of the cost base of a CSA.

On this basis the US Tax Court concluded that stock-based compensation may not have to be shared between different parties to a CSA, reaffirming its decision in Xilinx.

A joint R&D development structure for intellectual property under a CSA arrangement, as illustrated in the Altera case, may exist between many US-based MNCs and their Swiss operations which act either as regional headquarter for the EMEA region or for the whole world, except North America.

Particularly in innovative industries, such as the software and biotech industry, stock-based compensation often represents a large part of the compensation packages for R&D management. On the grounds that such compensation is often considered excessive and due to the fact that it is not a cash-out expense for the entity in the US, many foreign tax administrations have challenged the full deductibility of cost share attributions in the past.

Whilst the Swiss tax administration mostly accepted the contributions by the Swiss parties to a CSA in the past, we recommend that companies concerned review the situation with their US counterparties and make the appropriate changes in due course.

Hans Rudolf Habermacher (hhabermacher@deloitte.ch) and Yan Hurdowar (yhurdowar@deloitte.ch)

Deloitte

Tel: +41 58 279 6327 and +41 58 279 8152

Website: www.deloitte.ch

more across site & shared bottom lb ros

More from across our site

If Trump continues to poke the world’s ‘middle powers’ with a stick, he shouldn’t be surprised when they retaliate
The Netherlands-based bank was described as an ‘exemplar of total transparency’; in other news, Kirkland & Ellis made a senior tax hire in Dallas
Zion Adeoye, a tax specialist, had been suspended from the African law firm since October over misconduct allegations
The deal establishes Ryan’s property tax presence in Scotland and expands its ability to serve clients with complex commercial property portfolios across the UK, the firm said
Trump announced he will cut tariffs after India agreed to stop buying Russian oil; in other news, more than 300 delegates gathered at the OECD to discuss VAT fraud prevention
Taxpayers should support the MAP process by sharing accurate information early on and maintaining open communication with the competent authorities, the OECD also said
The Fortune 150 energy multinational is among more than 12 companies participating in the initiative, which ‘helps tax teams put generative AI to work’
The ruling excludes vacation and business development days from service PE calculations and confirms virtual services from abroad don’t count, potentially reshaping compliance for multinationals
User-friendly digital tax filing systems, transformative AI deployment, and the continued proliferation of DSTs will define 2026, writes Ascoria’s Neil Kelley
Case workers are ‘still not great’ but are making fewer enquiries, making the right decision more often and are more open to calls, ITR has heard
Gift this article