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Niklaus Honauer On June 12 2009, the Swiss parliament approved part A of the revision of the VAT act in the final vote. The parliament concluded the debates in record time, and concluded that a new VAT act is imperative. As a referendum is not expected to be called, the new VAT act will take effect on January 1 2010.

Álvaro de la Cueva Under the EU parent-subsidiary directive, the distribution of dividends by Spanish resident companies to parents located in the EU must be tax exempt if certain requirements are met. However, the directive expressly allows member states to deny the benefits of the directive in order to counter fraud or abuse. Spain made use of this possibility by refusing to allow the exemption where the EU parent is, directly or indirectly, wholly owned by nonresidents of the EU, unless (i) the parent actually pursues a business activity, (ii) such activity is directly related to the activity of the subsidiary or its purpose is the subsidiary's direction and management and (iii) it was incorporated for valid economic reasons.

Henry An David Jin-Young Lee Various tax changes proposed by the Ministry of Strategy and Finance to help facilitate economic recovery have been approved for enactment.

Krzysztof Flis On July 13 2009 the Polish Supreme Administrative Court stated excise tax should still be deemed overpaid even if the underlying amount has been paid to the taxpayer by the customer in the price of goods (in other words the court stated that the tax provisions should be treated separately from the civil law concept of unjust enrichment).

Marius Ionescu Lucian Barbu Recent changes to the Romanian tax legislation are mainly aimed at alleviating the effects of the economic and financial crisis on taxpayers' cash-flow.

By International Tax Review

The first step has been taken to establish transfer pricing regulations. Additional regulatory measures are needed for arm's-length compliance in accordance with the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, argue Jonás Bergstein and Domingo Pereira of Estudio Bergstein

A fall in the oil price has prompted a rise in tax audits. Transfer pricing is unlikely to escape this focus, warn Gustavo Sánchez and Lavinia Santos

Transfer pricing is well established in Mexico. The rules have all the features of other jurisdictions outside Latin America, such as audits, explain Moisés Curiel, Carlos Linares and Emilio Angeles

The tax authorities in Chile are working to align the country's transfer pricing rules with OECD standards, explain Miguel Zamora and Sergio Illanes